Kidney cancer

KIDNEY CANCER 

It is an adenocarcinoma ,which arises in cortex,possibly from a pre-existing adenoma in cells of uriniferous tubules and it occurs in adults usually after 40 years.

Usually it can occur on upper pole ,less often in central portion of kidney.in moderate size ,with spherical shape ,in cross section it shows yellow in color ,and often hemorrhagic. 

Renal cell carcinoma , also famous as hypernephroma, is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, the rattling small tubes in the kidney that filter the murder and remove waste products. Renal Cell Carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 80% of cases. It is also famous to be the most lethal of every the genitourinary tumors. Initial communication is most commonly a radical or partial nephrectomy and remains the mainstay of curative treatment. Where the tumour is confined to the renal parenchyma, the 5-year survival rate is 60-70%, but this is down substantially where metastases hit spread. It is nonabsorptive to irradiation therapy and chemotherapy, although some cases move to immunotherapy. Targeted cancer therapies hit improved the outlook for Renal Cell Carcinoma , although they hit not yet demonstrated improved survival.

The tissue of origin for renal radiophone carcinoma is the proximal renal tubular epithelium. Renal cancer occurs in both a sporadic (nonhereditary) and a hereditary form, and both forms are associated with structural alterations of the short limb of chromosome . Genetic studies of the families at high risk for developing renal cancer led to the cloning of genes whose change results in tumor formation. These genes are either tumor suppressors or oncogenes .

SPREAD

BLOOD STREAM SPREAD

Renal cell or hypernephroma is prone to grow into renal veins and pieces of growth may become detached to be arrested in :

Lungs ( cannon ball secondary deposit ).

Bones

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

Lymph nodes in relation to hilum of kidney (when the tumor burst through renal capsule into perirenal tissue ) - Para aortic lymph nodes.

CLINICAL FEATURES

These and another symptoms may be caused by renal cell cancer. Other conditions may cause the aforementioned symptoms. There may be no symptoms in the early stages. Symptoms may appear as the tumor grows. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

Hematuria

(a) Usually sufficient to stain he urine a pale red color and appears intermittently.

(b) Occasionally profuse and the patient gets ureteric colic as blood clot pass down the ureter.

General debility

(a) general malaise

(b) Loss of energy

(c) Loss of weight

(d) Bone pain and pathological fractures.

Pain

In loin and dragging in character .

An abdominal lump

Persistent pyrexia

Polycythemia

Rapidly developing varicocele ( rare )

Nephrotic syndrome ( rare )

Hypertension ( rare )

SIGNS

Weight loss 

Pallor  ( from hematuria )

Palpable renal swelling

There may be areas of swelling and tenderness in bones

There may be pleural effusion on the side of tumor