Bladder cancer - Types - Sign and symptoms -Diagnosis

It has been calculated that the risk of developing a bladder cancer as a consequence of smoking is doubled 

BLADDER CANCER

TYPES OF BLADDER CANCER

There are several assorted types of sac cancer. They are named after the identify of cells they first occur in:

Transitional radiophone carcinoma (TCC)
Squamous radiophone carcinoma (SCC)
Adenocarcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma is the most common identify of sac cancer in the UK.
Some sac cancers modify small mushroom-like growths on the lining of the bladder. These are called papillary cancers.

Bladder cancer is also classified according to how far it has spread.

Non-muscle intrusive cancer - the cancer is only in the sac lining.
Muscle-invasive cancer - the cancer has distribute to the muscle surround of the bladder.
Advanced cancer - the cancer has distribute finished the sac surround into nearby organs much as the prostate gland, vagina, bowel, or lymph nodes. Further distribute to other organs much as bones and liver is possible.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

Common symptoms of sac cancer include:

Blood in the piddle (making the piddle slightly rusty to unfathomable red),
Pain during urination, and
Frequent urination, or opinion the need to puddle without results.
These symptoms are not trusty signs of sac cancer. Infections, benign tumors, sac stones, or another problems also can cause these symptoms. Anyone with these symptoms should wager a student so that the student can diagnose and treat some difficulty as early as possible. People with symptoms like these may wager their kinsfolk student or a urologist, a student who specializes in diseases of the urinary system.

DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS

If a patient has symptoms that suggest sac cancer, the student haw check general signs of health and haw order work tests. The person haw have one or more of the following procedures:

General investigations into sac cancer haw exhibit anaemia, especially if symptom (presence of blood cells in the urine) has been significant and prolonged. A upraised alkaline phosphatase level haw indicate either liver or pearl involvement and in whatever cases the serum calcium haw be upraised in pearl metastases. Abnormal kidney function (e.g upraised creatinine or urea) haw indicate that the sac tumour, whether superficial or deep, is causing whatever blockage of the ureters where they enter the bladder.

A definitive identification of CIS is prefabricated by cystoscopy, which is generally performed low generalized anesthesia, together with a biopsy of the bladder, but CIS can be difficult to diagnose.  It haw have a symptomatic red, velvety attendance when viewed in cystoscopy.  But not all cases of CIS are visible low visualization. At times CIS is not visible, the identification is prefabricated from cytologic psychotherapy of the piddle or by obtaining haphazard sac biopsies. Malignant cells are present in patients’ piddle in more than 90% of the cases.

Bladder cancer treatment

In all cancers bladder cancer has an unusually high propensity for recurring after treatment 

TREATMENT

Many people with bladder cancer poverty to verify an astir part in decisions about their medical care. They poverty to learn all they can about their disease and their treatment choices. However, the shock and stress that people often feel after a identification of cancer can attain it hard for them to think of everything they poverty to ask the doctor. Often it helps to attain a list of questions before an appointment. To help advert what the student says, patients haw verify notes or ask whether they haw use a enter recorder. Some patients also poverty to have a family member or friend with them when they speech to the student -- to verify part in the discussion, to verify notes, or just to listen.

The student haw refer patients to doctors who change in treating cancer, or patients haw communicate for a referral. Treatment generally begins within a few weeks after the diagnosis. There will be time for patients to talk with the student about treatment choices, get a second opinion, and learn more about bladder cancer.

FOR INVASIVE TUMOR
ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION
In which use a cystoscope and "snip off" the growth at the halt and accolade the area to prevent bleeding. The procedure takes 20 minutes to one hour and is done under generalized anaesthetic. Non-muscle invasive tumours often become back so you module need to have regular check-ups. See Related topics for more information.

INTRAVESICAL CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy uses medicines to destroy cancer cells. In intravesical chemotherapy, medicines are placed directly into your sac using a fine plaything (catheter) inserted into your urethra. This is done immediately after your doc has removed a growth using TURBT. Your doc haw repeat the intravesical chemotherapy at weekly intervals, commonly for sextet weeks. See Related topics for more information.

IMMUNOTHERAPY
Immunotherapy uses your body's immune system to fight cancer cells. The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine (used to prevent T.B. or TB) has been shown to be effective for treating whatever non-muscle invasive sac cancers. It's put directly into your sac (intravesical BCG) using a catheter. Treatment is given at weekly intervals, commonly for sextet weeks. See Related topics for more information.

FOR INVASIVE TUMOR
Major surgery to remove the flooded sac and close tissues is commonly required (complete or radical cystectomy). Your doc module create a newborn way for you to store your piddle and there are various types of operation to do this.

UROSTOMY
Your doc connects your ureters to a diminutive opening (a stoma) in your cavum  using a short example of your diminutive bowel. A flat, watertight bag is placed over the stoma to collect your urine.

CONTINENT URINARY DIVERSION
Your doc makes a pouch exclusive your cavum to collect piddle using a section of your stomach or intestine. He or she module enter this to the right of your body via a stoma which is kept winking with a valve. You module need to empty the pouch four to five nowadays a day by inserting a catheter into the stoma.

BLADDER RECONSTRUCTION
Your doc haw be healthy to make a newborn sac using conception of your bowel. Your piddle drains from your ureters into the newborn bladder. You module need to learn how to pass piddle through your urethra by using your muscles. You module have lost the nerves that tell you when your sac is flooded and so module need to advert to empty it.

RADIOTHERAPY
Radiotherapy uses radiation to destroy cancer cells. A beam of radiation is targeted on the cancerous cells, which shrinks the tumour. Radiotherapy haw be utilised instead of surgery.
CHEMOTHERAPY
Intravenous chemotherapy (into your vein) haw be given if the cancer has distribute into the muscle of the bladder. It haw be given to shrink the growth before surgery or radiotherapy treatment, or to turn the chances of the growth reaching back after surgery.

Bladder cancer

BLADDER CANCER 

Bladder cancer is a ordinary urologic cancer. The most ordinary type of sac cancer in the United States is urothelial carcinoma, formerly known as transitional cell carcinoma . The urothelium in the entire urinary tract may be involved, including the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra.

The clinical course of sac cancer carries a broad spectrum of aggressiveness and risk. Low-grade, superficial sac cancers have minimal venture of progression to death; however, high-grade muscle-invasive cancers are often lethal.

Bladder cancer is the ordinal most ordinary cancer in men in the United States, after prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer. Bladder cancer is the 10th most ordinary cancer in women. From 1985-2000, the number of patients diagnosed yearly with sac cancer increased by 33%. An annual people of  around 400,000 patients with sac cancer is reportable in the United States. The repetition rate for superficial transitional cell cancer of the sac is high, and as some as 80% of patients have at least one recurrence.

Your bladder is a hollow, muscular, balloon-like organ that collects and stores urine. Urine is produced by your kidneys and consists of water and waste products. Tubes carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder (through your ureters) and then to the right (through your urethra).

Your bladder is lined with a membrane (urothelium) that stops urine existence absorbed back into your body. The cells of this membrane are called transitional cells or urothelial cells.

When cancer spreads (metastasizes) from its genuine place to another conception of the body, the newborn growth has the aforementioned kind of abnormal cells and the aforementioned name as the direct tumor. For example, if sac cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are actually sac cancer cells. The disease is metastatic sac cancer, not lung cancer. It is treated as sac cancer, not as lung cancer. Doctors sometimes call the newborn growth "distant" disease.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

We do not know exactly what causes sac cancer; however, a number of carcinogens hit been identified that are potential causes, especially in fag smoke. Research is focusing on conditions that edit the genetic structure of cells, causing abnormal radiophone reproduction. We do know that the following factors increase a person's venture of nonindustrial a Bladder cancer:

Smoking: Smoking is the azygos greatest venture factor for sac cancer. Smokers hit more than twice the venture of nonindustrial sac cancer as nonsmokers.

Chemical exposures at work: People who regularly work with destined chemicals or in destined industries hit a greater venture of sac cancer than the general population. Organic chemicals titled aromatic amines are particularly linked with sac cancer. These chemicals are used in the dye industry. Other industries linked to sac cancer include rubber and leather processing, textiles, hair coloring, paints, and printing. Strict work protections should prevent much of the danger that is believed to cause cancer.

Diet: People whose diets include large amounts of fried meats and animal fats are intellection to be at higher venture of sac cancer.

Age: Seniors are at the highest venture of nonindustrial sac cancer.

Sex: Men are three nowadays more likely than women to hit sac cancer.

Race: Whites hit a much higher venture of nonindustrial sac cancer than another races.

Chronic sac inflammation: Frequent sac infections, sac stones, and another urinary tract problems that irritate the sac increase the venture of nonindustrial a cancer, more commonly squamous radiophone carcinoma.

Birth defects: Some people are dropped with a visible or concealed imperfectness that connects their sac with another organ in the abdomen or leaves the sac exposed to continual infection. This increases the bladder's vulnerability to cancellated abnormalities that should lead to cancer.

History of sac cancer: If you hit had sac cancer in the past, your venture of nonindustrial another sac cancer is higher than if you had never had sac cancer.

Tongue cancer treatments

TREATMENT
In general, irradiation therapy and surgery have similar results for similar stages. Total glossectomy is associated with severe speech and deglutition dysfunction. It is poorly tolerated and the procedure is thus rarely performed . Hemiglossectomy preserves some speech and swallowing ability. The choice between surgery and irradiation therapy also depends on the practice and preference of a particular nous and cervix oncology service.
Radiation therapy is ofttimes used as the first modality while surgery is distant for recurrence. Surgical garner is good for small lesions but the effectiveness drops with progressively larger lesions. Hence, coloured glossectomy followed by irradiation therapy is the method of choice in many centres.

Treatment of the neck is a highly controversial point, but some authors feel that nonappointive communication of the nevkis indicated even for T1 neoplasms supported on the incidence of pattern metastases, 20-33% in most series, as well as the slummy results with a later garner procedure. Most authors exponent non appointive communication of the cervix for initiate II disease (T2N0) for the same reasons, and the incidence of pattern metastases in this assemble is even higher. Supraomohyoid neck dissection is often the machine of choice for management of the clinically perverse neck, with radiation being reserved for those patients with lymphatic involvement, especially if there is evidence of capsular invasion.

The problem of understaging has been ofttimes cited in meaning to carcinomas of the test tongue, and reports haw be found addressing limited factors which haw indicate those patients with primeval lesions most probable to harbor pattern metastases, and thusly be the most probable to goodness from prophylactic communication of the neck. Such factors as depth of penetration, histologic grade, perineural or perivascular invasion hit all been investigated but hour are widely acknowledged to hit sure prophetical value.

Chemotherapy is useful in oral cancers when utilised in combination with another treatment modalities such as irradiation therapy. It is seldom utilised alone as a monotherapy. When cure is implausible it can also be utilised to extend life and can be considered sanative but not sanative care. Biological agents, such as Cetuximab have recently been shown to be trenchant in the treatment of squamous cell head and cervix cancers, and are likely to have an increasing role in the future direction of this condition when utilised in conjunction with another treatments.

Treatment of oral cancer will usually be by a multidisciplinary team, with treatment professionals from the realms of radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, nutrition, dental professionals, and even science every possibly participating with diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and patient care.

Surgery to remove the tumor in the representative or throat is a common communication for oral cancer. Sometimes the doc also removes lymph nodes in the neck. Other tissues in the representative and cervix may be distant as well. Patients may have surgery alone or in combination with irradiation therapy.

Mouth cancer

MOUTH CANCER
Nearly all tumours of the oral ness occur on the passing and under surface. Dorsal tumours are exceptional but when they do occur, they are commonly located near the sheet and more posteriorly. Oral ness tumours tend to remain in the tongue. Tumours in the anterior third of the oral ness assail the story of the representative . Middle-third lesions join the membrane of the ness and later, the passing story of the representative . Carcinomas involving the posterior third of the oral ness grow into the membrane of the tongue, the story of the mouth, the anterior tonsillar pillar, the ness base, the glossotonsillar sulcus and the mandible .

CLINICAL FEATURES

1.A discrete discomfort during manduction or during movements of the tongue;
2.Slight tingling increased by spicy or sour foods;
3.A lesion of the tongue discovered by the enduring himself or dentist;
4.The brainstorm of a cervical lymph node.

The examination showed ulceration with product edges sometimes thick or trauma budding. The appearance of this lesion, of uncertain size, ofttimes settled incoming to a agency stump is suspected. Palpation of the lesion can appreciate the grandness of infiltration and pathology characteristic. This product pathology beyond the edges of the ulcer and extends from front to rear. The rest of the module is flexible.

METASTATIC SIGNS
spread to floor of mouth causes thickening of tissues and reduces the mobility of tongue.
Infiltration of gum and jaws fixes the tumor to bone and jaw itself may be swollen.
Enlargement of draining lymph nodes.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis can attain through Biopsy.
The pathological appearance of a squamous radiophone cancer varies with the depth of the biopsy. For that reason, a biopsy including the subcutanous paper and basalar epithelium, to the opencast is necessary for correct diagnosis. The performance of a shave biopsy (see wound biopsy) strength not take sufficiency aggregation for a diagnosis. An inadequate biopsy strength be read as actinic keratosis with follicular involvement. A deeper biopsy down to the dermis or subcutanous paper strength reveal the true cancer. An excision biopsy is ideal, but not practical in most cases. An incisional or lick biopsy is preferred. A shave biopsy is least ideal, especially if only the superficial portion is acquired.

Tongue cancer

CANCER OF TONGUE

The eld of Tongue cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. These hap from the lining that covers the muscles of the tongue.

A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium that covers the tongue. The vast eld of tongue carcinomas are middling or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue represents digit of the more ordinary malignancies encountered by the general otolaryngologist as well as by digit specializing in nous and cervix surgery. In the direction of the early lingual cancers, a wide variety of therapuetic options have been advocated in the literature, and in addition to planning the treatment of the primary neoplasm, direction of the cervix staleness be thoughtful as well.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

All cancers of the head & neck exhibit a strong association with beverage consumption and baccy smoking, specially of cigarettes - in fact, baccy is intellection to be involved in well over 80% of cases of squamous radiophone carcinoma of the nous and neck. Chronic danger of the epithelial surfaces of the nous and cervix to these irritants are intellection to result in a "field cancerisation" sequence of hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. That is, the utilization of premalignant lesions haw then undergo malignant modify to become a cancer. Smoking and beverage act synergistically in the utilization of nous and cervix cancer - the venture when both of these factors is inform is more than double the venture of danger to one factor alone.

There is a dose-response relationship between danger to baccy smoking and the utilization of nous and cervix cancer - the more you smoke, the greater the risk. Smokers are up to 25 times more likely to amend nous and cervix cancer than their non-smoking counterparts. Passive smoking, baccy chewing and cigar smoking are also venture factors for the utilization of nous and cervix cancer. Up to the point of utilization of overt carcinoma, many of the changes related with cigarette smoking will alter if the patient quits smoking.

Alcohol consumptionas a venture factor for the utilization of nous and cervix cancer also shows a dose-response relationship - with heavy drinkers existence at greater risk. In addition, drinkers of spirits haw be at a greater venture than those who ingest wine.

Chronic viral infection is also related with the utilization of nous and cervix carcinoma. The Epstein-Barr Virus is strongly related with the utilization of nasopharyngeal cancer, whilst Human Papilloma Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus and Human Immunodeficieny Virus hit been related with the utilization of a number of different cancers of the nous and neck. This is intellection to be due to their interference with the function of tumour cistron genes and oncogenes.

Other venture factors allow immune deficient states (such as post solid-organ transplant); occupational exposures to agents such as asbestos and perchloroethylene; radiation; dietary factors; a genetic susceptibleness to the utilization of the disease; and poor test hygiene.

Cancers of the test cavity become with highest frequency in countries where the betel nut is chewed. With cancers of the lips, solarise danger is an added venture factor in development.

Kidney cancer causes

Kidney cancer occurs in adults usually after 40 years 

Causes Of kidney cancer

Kidney cancer develops most often in grouping over 40, but no digit knows the exact causes of this disease. Doctors should seldom vindicate ground digit mortal develops kidney cancer and another does not. However, it is clear that kidney cancer is not contagious. No digit should "catch" the disease from another person.

Research has shown that grouping with destined venture factors are more likely than others to develop kidney cancer. A venture factor is anything that increases a person's chance of developing a disease.

Cigarette respiration is a major venture factor. Cigarette smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop kidney cancer. Cigar respiration also haw increase the venture of this disease.

People who are obese hit an accumulated venture of kidney cancer.
High murder pressure: High murder pressure increases the venture of kidney cancer.

Long-term dialysis: Dialysis is a treatment for grouping whose kidneys do not work well. It removes wastes from the blood. Being on dialysis for whatever years is a venture factor for kidney cancer.

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: is a rare disease that runs in whatever families. It is caused by changes in the VHL gene. An deviant VHL gene increases the venture of kidney cancer. It also should drive cysts or tumors in the eyes, brain, and another parts of the body. Family members of those with this syndrome should hit a test to analyse for the deviant VHL gene. For grouping with the deviant VHL gene, doctors haw suggest structure to meliorate the spotting of kidney cancer and another diseases before symptoms develop.

Occupation: Some grouping hit a higher venture of effort kidney cancer because they come in occurrence with destined chemicals or substances in their workplace. Coke oven workers in the iron and steel business are at risk. Workers exposed to asbestos or cadmium also haw be at risk.

Gender: Males are more likely than females to be diagnosed with kidney cancer. Each year in the United States, more than 20,000 men and more than 11,000 women learn they hit kidney cancer.

Most grouping who hit these venture factors do not intend kidney cancer. On the another hand, most grouping who do intend the disease hit no famous venture factors. People who think they haw be at venture should discuss this anxiety with their doctor. The student haw be healthy to suggest structure to reduce the venture and should plan an pertinent schedule for checkups.

Kidney cancer diagnosis

KIDNEY CANCER DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS

PHYSICAL EXAM
An exam of the embody to analyse general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, much as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A story of the patient’s upbeat habits and time illnesses and treatments module also be taken.

BLOOD CHEMISTRY
A machine in which a blood distribution is patterned to manoeuvre the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or modify than normal) turn of a substance can be a clew of disease in the organ or paper that makes it.

URINE ANALYSIS
A test to analyse the color of piddle and its contents, much as sugar, protein, red blood cells, and white blood cells.

LIVER FUNCTION TEST
A machine in which a distribution of blood is patterned to manoeuvre the amounts of enzymes released into it by the liver. An abnormal turn of an enzyme can be a clew that cancer has spread to the liver. Certain conditions that are not cancer may also increase liver enzyme levels.

INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM
A program of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to find out if cancer is present in these organs. A oppositeness colour is injected into a vein. As the oppositeness colour moves through the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, x-rays are condemned to see if there are any blockages.

ULTRASOUND
A machine in which high-energy good waves (ultrasound) are bounced soured internal tissues or organs and attain echoes. The echoes form a picture of embody tissues titled a sonogram.

CT SCAN
A machine that makes a program of careful pictures of areas exclusive the body, condemned from assorted angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A colour may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues exhibit up more clearly. This machine is also titled computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.

MRI (magnetic kinship imaging)
A machine that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to attain a program of careful pictures of areas exclusive the body. This machine is also titled thermonuclear attractable kinship imagery (NMRI).

BIOPSY
The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to analyse for signs of cancer. To do a biopsy for renal radiophone cancer, a anorectic harry is inserted into the growth and a distribution of paper is withdrawn.

Kidney cancer treatments

KIDNEY CANCER TREATMENTS

The likelihood that kidney cell cancer module be well depends on its initiate when it is diagnosed and treated. kidney cancers found in the primeval stages are well over half the time. Unfortunately, this cancer ofttimes is not found until it has reached an advanced stage. The quantity of curing metastatic (stage IV) renal cell cancer is small.

Surgery is the initial communication for the majority of kidney cancers. Surgical procedures utilised to treat kidney cancer include:

Removing the affected kidney (nephrectomy). Radical nephrectomy involves the removal of the kidney, a border of healthy tissue and the adjacent lymph nodes. The endocrine gland haw also be removed if it appears the growth has grown into the gland. Nephrectomy can be an unstoppered operation, meaning the surgeon makes one large cutting to access your kidney. Or nephrectomy can be done laparoscopically, using several small incisions to append a video camera and tiny surgical tools. The surgeon watches a video monitor to action the nephrectomy.

Removing the growth from the kidney (nephron-sparing surgery). During this procedure, also called partial nephrectomy, the surgeon removes the growth and a small margin of healthy tissue that surrounds it, kinda than removing the whole kidney. Nephron-sparing surgery can be an unstoppered procedure, or it haw be performed laparoscopically. Nephron-sparing surgery haw be an choice if you have a small kidney cancer or if you exclusive have one kidney. When nephron-sparing surgery is possible, it's mostly preferred over immoderate nephrectomy, since retentive as much kidney tissue as doable haw turn your risk of after complications, such as kidney disease.

DRUG TREATMENT

Treatment of renal radiophone cancer depends on the stage of the disease and the person's overall health, which determines how well that mortal is able to tolerate different therapies. A medical aggroup module devise a treatment organisation that is tailored specifically for the individual. Therapies that are used for renal radiophone cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy, hormone therapy, and radiation therapy. Clinical trials (tests of new medicines) may be appropriate for some patients with kidney cancer. A mortal may undergo a single therapy or a combination of therapies.

Unfortunately, chemotherapy has less benefit in renal cell cancer than other cancer diagnoses. Chemotherapy shrinks the growth in some patients with kidney cancer, but this period of referral does not usually terminal long.Chemotherapy typically has side personalty such as nausea and vomiting, weight loss, and hair loss. Chemotherapy can also suppress creation of newborn blood cells, leading to fatigue, anemia, easy bruising or bleeding, and increased risk of infection , can result in regression of metastases
Vinblastine
Progesterone
Interferone
Interleukin II

Radiation therapy uses a high-energy irradiation beam to blackball cancer cells. Renal cell cancers typically are resistant to radiation. Some grouping undergo irradiation therapy after surgery to blackball tumor cells that remain. Radiation therapy is ofttimes utilised to relieve symptoms in persons with metastatic disease or who cannot undergo surgery because of other medical conditions.

Because metastatic renal cell cancer is largely incurable with currently available forms of systemic therapy, patients with metastatic renal cell cancer are pleased to discuss original clinical trials with their physicians before making a final decision.

Kidney cancer

KIDNEY CANCER 

It is an adenocarcinoma ,which arises in cortex,possibly from a pre-existing adenoma in cells of uriniferous tubules and it occurs in adults usually after 40 years.

Usually it can occur on upper pole ,less often in central portion of kidney.in moderate size ,with spherical shape ,in cross section it shows yellow in color ,and often hemorrhagic. 

Renal cell carcinoma , also famous as hypernephroma, is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, the rattling small tubes in the kidney that filter the murder and remove waste products. Renal Cell Carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 80% of cases. It is also famous to be the most lethal of every the genitourinary tumors. Initial communication is most commonly a radical or partial nephrectomy and remains the mainstay of curative treatment. Where the tumour is confined to the renal parenchyma, the 5-year survival rate is 60-70%, but this is down substantially where metastases hit spread. It is nonabsorptive to irradiation therapy and chemotherapy, although some cases move to immunotherapy. Targeted cancer therapies hit improved the outlook for Renal Cell Carcinoma , although they hit not yet demonstrated improved survival.

The tissue of origin for renal radiophone carcinoma is the proximal renal tubular epithelium. Renal cancer occurs in both a sporadic (nonhereditary) and a hereditary form, and both forms are associated with structural alterations of the short limb of chromosome . Genetic studies of the families at high risk for developing renal cancer led to the cloning of genes whose change results in tumor formation. These genes are either tumor suppressors or oncogenes .

SPREAD

BLOOD STREAM SPREAD

Renal cell or hypernephroma is prone to grow into renal veins and pieces of growth may become detached to be arrested in :

Lungs ( cannon ball secondary deposit ).

Bones

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

Lymph nodes in relation to hilum of kidney (when the tumor burst through renal capsule into perirenal tissue ) - Para aortic lymph nodes.

CLINICAL FEATURES

These and another symptoms may be caused by renal cell cancer. Other conditions may cause the aforementioned symptoms. There may be no symptoms in the early stages. Symptoms may appear as the tumor grows. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

Hematuria

(a) Usually sufficient to stain he urine a pale red color and appears intermittently.

(b) Occasionally profuse and the patient gets ureteric colic as blood clot pass down the ureter.

General debility

(a) general malaise

(b) Loss of energy

(c) Loss of weight

(d) Bone pain and pathological fractures.

Pain

In loin and dragging in character .

An abdominal lump

Persistent pyrexia

Polycythemia

Rapidly developing varicocele ( rare )

Nephrotic syndrome ( rare )

Hypertension ( rare )

SIGNS

Weight loss 

Pallor  ( from hematuria )

Palpable renal swelling

There may be areas of swelling and tenderness in bones

There may be pleural effusion on the side of tumor